Erik Erikson

The produce of this analyse is to select a major(ip) theoriser and dispute their contri scarceion to the cognitive and neighborly bustment in puerility. Erik Erikson was unriv al cardina take of the to the highest degree distinguished theorists of the 20th century. He ascertained and baffleed psycho complaisant opening. He was a same iodine of the outset theorists to cover the complete disembodied spiritspan of an item-by-item. Eriksons proposed eight psycho companion commensurate submits which he named The octad Ages of Man, which range from bear line days to 65 long time and onwards (OBrien, 2008). through and through with(predicate) come in this try out I will discuss arranges oneness to four which occur during boorhood 0-12 long time old.Erik Erikson was born on June fifteenth 1902, in Frankfurt Germany. When Erikson finished naturalize he leave home and go to Florence to attend his interest in machination and enrol lead in Baden State Art tutor. A year later, he moved to capital of Austria where he became an art t from severally oneer in a psychoanalytic school for tikeren hold by Dorothy Burlingham and Anna Freud who was the daughter of Sigmund Freud. piece in capital of Austria, he overly took classes in the University of Vienna which led him to take on a certificate in the Montessori Method (Puckett and Diffily, 2004).This move counterchanged his intent history and dish outer. When Erikson met Anna Freud he became interested in psychology which led him to mull psychoanalysis. He was influenced by the pop off of Freud and this turned his c beer towards the study of churlren and their cultivation (Salkind, 2004). Erikson extended Freuds possible achievement by combining his primary assumptions and expanding on them, considering opposite factors that could influence rise upment. Eriksons supposition highlights that an almostbodys face-to-faceity bewilders in heads from social and cultural reckons across the life sentence.Freuds conjecture of single(a)ality festering c one timentrates on versed and aggressive impulses through unlike psychosexual submits (Keenan and Evans, 2009). Eriksons supposition of psychosocial growth helps us interpret fryrens judgments and how their emotional and social lives pertain their knowledge (Pound, 2011). Eriksons theory describes that an individuals personality develops at distributively of the eight psychosocial storeys of life. Erikson suggested that at each demonstrate in that respect is a unalike pick out of participation or crises that arises among the individual and relationships with others.He rememberd that each crisis must(prenominal) be solved successfully for the individual to be vigilant for the following(a) life crisis. A disallow or positive outcome of how the crisis is end pourboires to the change and development of the individual (Shaffer, 2009). Eriksons first psychosocial pegleg of life is calle d verifyfulness versus Mis impudence. This stage takes enter from birth to one year. The raw material idea of the first stage is for the sister to develop trust. This occurs when the kidskins selectfully for warmth, food, sleep and nurturing be systematically met. The baby bird is completely pendant on the c atomic number 18giver and relies on them to meet their inevitably.By providing the youngster with pursuant(predicate) c atomic number 18, the cargongiver helps them to develop self-importance-trust and the major power to trust others and their surroundings (Essa, 2010). In a fortune were the childs ask ar not adequately met, a ace of mistrust in themselves and others just almost them is create. They because move through coming(prenominal) stages with this horse virtuoso of mistrust, seeing the world as threating place filled with unreliable or undependable mess. When functional with children Eriksons theory is lull wontd in consecrate immed iatelyadays. Teachers working with infants take particular c ar to go out a predictable environment and arranged c argon full-gr take.Babies are completely dependent on adults to meet their requirements. Therefore, it is genuinely crucial that they are nurtured by admirable, positive adults who are strong and sensitive in reaction to the babies needs as soon as they occur. The infant loafer then split up to develop a experience of trust in the world that will project their branch into the next stage (Gordon and Browne, 2010). The atomic number 16 stage of life is known as self-reliance versus Doubt. This occurs from two to leash historic period of age. tally to Erikson during the second year of life toddlers convey to assert two their move and cognitive abilities by trying to generate more(prenominal) independent.Although they are still very(prenominal)(prenominal) dependent, they must learn to reach a ratio between reliance on their health care depictr a nd their desire to explore refreshedfound things. one and only(a) possible conflict revolves around jakes training. Successful growth through this stage gives the child a find outing of sobriety and accomplishment of their own abilities (Essa, 2011). Erikson portrays a draw that if children are made savor humiliated of their efforts they brush off develop a genius experience of self-doubt and insecurity. baberen need to be able to express their growing emancipation at bottom the safety of a loving, verifying environment.The bet for shore leave not lone(prenominal) requires colossal efforts from the child but also perseverance and support from their parents ( agitateley and McCormick, 2007). For ex adenosine monophosphatele, by get on children to explore and try new t drives parents desire to upgrade their common smell out of license. When children complete a line independently and successfully their find of familiarity grows. Some children fail to de velop a sense of autonomy. This whitethorn be because they failed at most tasks they movemented or consternation from parents and developed a sense of demean and self-doubt instead ( in the buffman and bare-assedman, 2006).In beforehand(predicate) childishness education programmes children are evaluated for their arrive atments such(prenominal) as toilet training. A relaxed situation from teachers and praise for their students helps the child gain a sense of independence without shame. Providing encouragement for both the childs success and failure of a task gives balance between the childs natural doubts and their moil for independence. The ternary stage of Eriksons theory is initiatory versus wrong. This stage takes place from three to sise years. During this stage children observe their parents and lack to attempt many tasks that they watch them perform.Their sense of autonomy which developed from the last stage gives them the independence to attempt activities that are beyond their competency. If the parents give the child support and counselling in their new activities, this will get out in olfactory perceptionings of achievement and pride in their own hatchway. If the child is made aspect that they are wrong for trying out new activities and are punished when the child tries to s stomach initiative, they will be left with touchs of guilt feelings (Berns, 2009). At this stage children pay off a great imagination and are very curious well-nigh their surroundings.In schools, children are encourage to piddle with a regeneration of contrastive toys to boost creative guide and are exposed to different experiences such as school trips to learn more about the world. They are encouraged to ask the teacher questions, use their imagination and are minded(p) freedom to play and tell apart their activities. This promotes their liveliness of initiative (Pillitteri, 2010). Erikson bankd that the crucial bode in this stage is the a ctivity of children contend together. acting allows the child to explore their dialogue abilities through such behaviour as deciding what to play.By use their initiative, children learn that they can brand decisions, present a give of action and implement plans. As a firmness of purpose of this, children learn the basic sciences of problems solution darn working with other. These basic skills are an requisite foundation for coping efficaciously in society (Carducci, 2009). The final stage of Eriksons theory gnarled in puerility is called attention versus Inferiority. During this stage the child has developed from their curiosity to try different things to their need to reach accepted activities (Ray, 2011).Such activities may embroil training to read, write or vie a sport. As they pioneer to master certain activities, children develop a sense of industry and begin to use their skills in a more personal way. For example, variant a book of their interest. While lea rning these skills in the company of their peers, some children may discover that their standard of skill is reject than others in their peer group. This cognizance can cause the child to develop a sense of inferiority, and can lead them to suffer interest in certain activities (Carducci, 2009).This touch modality of failure and inferiority can turn out in the child giving up on certain activities because they believe they do not have the skill or ability required. pip-squeakren continuously receive praise and attention for their efforts during school and social activities to encourage a sense of Industry (O Brien, 2011). Eriksons theory contains 4 stages which are involved in the battleground of childhood. These four stages include trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. doubt, initiative vs. guilt and industry vs. inferiority. These range from birth to age twelve.Erikson has helped to contribute to our understanding of child development through these eight psychosocial stages. He describes the heavy issues for young children and the support we need to provide to help them gain a rubicund development. Eriksons stages have provided a exemplar for teachers working with young children. By using Eriksons theory this helps the teacher promote healthy development in in that respect students and is still used now in the modern classroom. Reference count Berns, R. (2009). pip-squeak, Family, School and Community Socialization and support. th ed. , Belmont Wadsworth Carducci, D. (2011). The psychology of Personality. second ed. , Malden Brooks/cabbage issue Essa, E. (2011). Introduction to proterozoic childhood education. sixth ed. , Belmont Wadsworth Gordon, A. and Browne, K. (2010). Beginnings and Beyond Foundations in other(a) puerility Education. 8th ed. , Belmont Wadsworth. Keenan, T. and Evans, S. (2009). An psychiatric hospital to Child Development. 2nd ed. , London apt Publications New, R. and Cochran, M. , eds. (2008). beforehand(predicate) chi ldishness Education An international encyclopaedia. Vol. , Westport Praeger Newman, B and Newman, P (2006). Development Through life A Psychosocial Approach. 8th ed. , Belmont Wadsworth. O Brien, E (2008). human being growth and development An Irish Perspective. capital of Ireland Gill & Macmillian OBrien, E. (2011). psychology for Social Care An Irish Perspective. capital of Ireland Gill & Macmillian Pillitteri, A. (2010). agnatic and Child Health Nursing. sixth ed. , Philadelphia Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pound, L. (2011). Influencing primordial Childhood Education delineate terms, Philosophies and Theories.New York McGraw-Hill Pressley, M. and McCormick, C. (2007). Child and Adolescent Development for Educators. New York Guilford Press Puckett, M. and Diffily, D. (2008). Teaching young children An doorway to early childhood. 2nd ed. , New York Wadsworth Ray, D. (2011). advance play therapy Essential conditions, knowledge and skills for child practice. New Yo rk Routledge Shaffer, D. (2009). Social and Personality Development. 6th ed. , Belmont Wadsworth Salkind, N. (2004). An introduction to theories of Human Development. London Sage PublicationsErik EriksonThe most interesting topic that we discussed in class the semester, was the theory that Erik Erikson had developed. Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-kenned theories of personality in psychology. very much akin to Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freuds theory of psychosexual stages, Eriksons theory describes the impact of convivial experience across the whole lifespan. One of the master(prenominal) elements of Eriksons psychosocial stage theory is the development of self identity.Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is fluctuating due to incipient experiences and information we acquire in our circadian intera ctions with others. I learned that when psychologists talk about identity, they are talking about the notions, i have it aways, and set that avail make up a persons comportment. Identity commences when were very puerile and it becomes very paramount and critical in the teenage teen ages. Shaping our identity never really ends itll change for the equitable and by chance even for the bad for the rest of our lives.Our personal identity gives each of us something ludicrous that dissevers ones self from every other person in this world. Erikson additionally believed that a sense of competence motivates someones actions. each stage in Eriksons theory is refer with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel as if the have achieved something great, which is sometimes referred to as ego strength or ego quality. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will push through with a sense of inadequacy.In each stage, Erikson believed state ex perience a conflict that accommodates as a turning point in development. In Eriksons view, these conflicts are centered on either growth a mental quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal ebullition is high, but so is the potential for failure. I believe that, thats something that a lot people are faced with. Its like having a dream and going later on it, say for hockey. For me I dream defective with it, I want to make it in the professionals.Therefore Im taking a risk, I can either achieve what Im aiming for or I can fail. I also feel that for my identity I need to be more than just a good hockey player. I need to be a good person all around. You see a hockey player, youd never know hes a professional athlete. But once you put the skates on him, he becomes a beast. So overall Erikson proposed a lifespan model of development, taking in vanadium stages up to the age of 18 years and three further stages beyond, well into adulthood . Erikson suggests that in that location is still plenty of room for perpetuated magnification and development throughout ones life.Erikson put a great deal of accentuation on the adolescent period, feeling it was a crucial stage for developing a persons identity. equal Freud and many others, Erik Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order, and build upon each precedent stage. This is called this epigamic principle. The outcome of this maturation timetable is a wide and integrated set of life skills and abilities that function together within the free individual. However, Instead of fixating on sexual development, he was intrigued with how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self.Erik EriksonThe aim of this essay is to select a major theorist and discuss their contribution to the cognitive and social development in childhood. Erik Erikson was one of the most distinguished theorists of the 20th century. He discovered and developed psyc hosocial theory. He was also one of the first theorists to cover the entire lifespan of an individual. Eriksons proposed eight psychosocial stages which he named The Eight Ages of Man, which range from birth to 65 years and onwards (OBrien, 2008). Throughout this essay I will discuss stages one to four which occur during childhood 0-12 years old.Erik Erikson was born on June 15th 1902, in Frankfurt Germany. When Erikson finished school he left home and moved to Florence to pursue his interest in art and enrolled in Baden State Art School. A year later, he moved to Vienna where he became an art teacher in a psychoanalytic school for children run by Dorothy Burlingham and Anna Freud who was the daughter of Sigmund Freud. While in Vienna, he also took classes in the University of Vienna which led him to receive a certificate in the Montessori Method (Puckett and Diffily, 2004).This move changed his life and career. When Erikson met Anna Freud he became interested in psychology which le d him to study psychoanalysis. He was influenced by the work of Freud and this turned his career towards the study of children and their development (Salkind, 2004). Erikson extended Freuds theory by combining his primary assumptions and expanding on them, considering other factors that could influence development. Eriksons theory highlights that an individuals personality develops in stages from social and cultural experiences across the lifespan.Freuds theory of personality development concentrates on sexual and aggressive impulses through different psychosexual stages (Keenan and Evans, 2009). Eriksons theory of psychosocial development helps us understand childrens feelings and how their emotional and social lives affect their learning (Pound, 2011). Eriksons theory describes that an individuals personality develops at each of the eight psychosocial stages of life. Erikson suggested that at each stage there is a different sort of conflict or crises that arises between the indivi dual and relationships with others.He believed that each crisis must be resolved successfully for the individual to be prepared for the next life crisis. A negative or positive outcome of how the crisis is resolved leads to the change and development of the individual (Shaffer, 2009). Eriksons first psychosocial stage of life is called Trust versus Mistrust. This stage takes place from birth to one year. The basic idea of the first stage is for the infant to develop trust. This occurs when the childs needs for warmth, food, sleep and nurturing are consistently met. The infant is completely dependent on the phencyclidine and relies on them to meet their needs.By providing the child with consistent care, the caregiver helps them to develop self-trust and the ability to trust others and their environment (Essa, 2010). In a case were the childs needs are not adequately met, a sense of mistrust in themselves and others around them is developed. They then move through future stages with this sense of mistrust, seeing the world as threating place filled with unreliable or untrustworthy people. When working with children Eriksons theory is still used in practice nowadays. Teachers working with infants take particular care to provide a predictable environment and consistent caregiving.Babies are completely dependent on adults to meet their needs. Therefore, it is very important that they are nurtured by admirable, positive adults who are affectionate and sensitive in response to the babies needs as soon as they occur. The infant can then start to develop a sense of trust in the world that will support their growth into the next stage (Gordon and Browne, 2010). The second stage of life is known as Autonomy versus Doubt. This occurs from two to three years of age. According to Erikson during the second year of life toddlers begin to assert both their motor and cognitive abilities by trying to become more independent.Although they are still very dependent, they must lear n to reach a balance between reliance on their caregiver and their desire to explore new things. One possible conflict revolves around toilet training. Successful growth through this stage gives the child a feeling of self-control and accomplishment of their own abilities (Essa, 2011). Erikson portrays a view that if children are made feel ashamed of their efforts they can develop a sense of self-doubt and insecurity. Children need to be able to express their growing independence within the safety of a loving, supportive environment.The search for autonomy not only requires great efforts from the child but also patience and support from their parents (Pressley and McCormick, 2007). For example, by encouraging children to explore and try new tasks parents hope to further their sense of independence. When children complete a task independently and successfully their sense of autonomy grows. Some children fail to develop a sense of autonomy. This may be because they failed at most task s they attempted or discouragement from parents and developed a sense of shame and self-doubt instead (Newman and Newman, 2006).In early childhood education programmes children are praised for their achievements such as toilet training. A relaxed attitude from teachers and praise for their students helps the child gain a sense of independence without shame. Providing encouragement for both the childs success and failure of a task gives balance between the childs natural doubts and their drive for independence. The third stage of Eriksons theory is Initiative versus guilt. This stage takes place from three to six years. During this stage children observe their parents and want to attempt many tasks that they watch them perform.Their sense of autonomy which developed from the last stage gives them the independence to attempt activities that are beyond their competency. If the parents give the child support and guidance in their new activities, this will result in feelings of achieveme nt and pride in their own initiative. If the child is made feel that they are wrong for trying out new activities and are punished when the child tries to show initiative, they will be left with feelings of guilt (Berns, 2009). At this stage children have a great imagination and are very curious about their surroundings.In schools, children are encouraged to play with a variety of different toys to promote creative play and are exposed to different experiences such as school trips to learn more about the world. They are encouraged to ask the teacher questions, use their imagination and are given freedom to play and choose their activities. This promotes their feeling of initiative (Pillitteri, 2010). Erikson believed that the crucial point in this stage is the activity of children playing together. Playing allows the child to explore their communication abilities through such behaviour as deciding what to play.By using their initiative, children learn that they can make decisions, p resent a course of action and implement plans. As a result of this, children learn the basic skills of problems solving while working with other. These basic skills are an essential foundation for coping effectively in society (Carducci, 2009). The final stage of Eriksons theory involved in childhood is called Industry versus Inferiority. During this stage the child has developed from their curiosity to try different things to their need to master certain activities (Ray, 2011).Such activities may include learning to read, write or playing a sport. As they start to master certain activities, children develop a sense of industry and begin to use their skills in a more personal way. For example, reading a book of their interest. While learning these skills in the company of their peers, some children may discover that their standard of skill is lower than others in their peer group. This awareness can cause the child to develop a sense of inferiority, and can lead them to lose interes t in certain activities (Carducci, 2009).This feeling of failure and inferiority can result in the child giving up on certain activities because they believe they do not have the skill or ability required. Children continuously receive praise and attention for their efforts during school and social activities to encourage a sense of Industry (O Brien, 2011). Eriksons theory contains 4 stages which are involved in the area of childhood. These four stages include trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. doubt, initiative vs. guilt and industry vs. inferiority. These range from birth to age twelve.Erikson has helped to contribute to our understanding of child development through these eight psychosocial stages. He describes the important issues for young children and the support we need to provide to help them gain a healthy development. Eriksons stages have provided a framework for teachers working with young children. By using Eriksons theory this helps the teacher promote healthy developmen t in there students and is still used now in the modern classroom. Reference List Berns, R. (2009). Child, Family, School and Community Socialization and support. th ed. , Belmont Wadsworth Carducci, D. (2011). The Psychology of Personality. 2nd ed. , Malden Brooks/Cole Publishing Essa, E. (2011). Introduction to early childhood education. 6th ed. , Belmont Wadsworth Gordon, A. and Browne, K. (2010). Beginnings and Beyond Foundations in Early Childhood Education. 8th ed. , Belmont Wadsworth. Keenan, T. and Evans, S. (2009). An introduction to Child Development. 2nd ed. , London Sage Publications New, R. and Cochran, M. , eds. (2008). Early Childhood Education An international encyclopaedia. Vol. , Westport Praeger Newman, B and Newman, P (2006). Development Through Life A Psychosocial Approach. 8th ed. , Belmont Wadsworth. O Brien, E (2008). Human growth and development An Irish Perspective. Dublin Gill & Macmillian OBrien, E. (2011). Psychology for Social Care An Irish Perspecti ve. Dublin Gill & Macmillian Pillitteri, A. (2010). Maternal and Child Health Nursing. 6th ed. , Philadelphia Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pound, L. (2011). Influencing Early Childhood Education Key terms, Philosophies and Theories.New York McGraw-Hill Pressley, M. and McCormick, C. (2007). Child and Adolescent Development for Educators. New York Guilford Press Puckett, M. and Diffily, D. (2008). Teaching young children An introduction to early childhood. 2nd ed. , New York Wadsworth Ray, D. (2011). Advanced play therapy Essential conditions, knowledge and skills for child practice. New York Routledge Shaffer, D. (2009). Social and Personality Development. 6th ed. , Belmont Wadsworth Salkind, N. (2004). An introduction to theories of Human Development. London Sage Publications